Sleep problems tied to loneliness via two psychological pathways, studies suggest

Sleep problems are common among teenagers, and they may be more than just an inconvenience. A new study published in Applied Psychology: Health and Well-Being suggests that poor sleep may be linked to greater feelings of loneliness in adolescents, and that this relationship is influenced by two psychological factors: rumination and resilience. Across three studies, the researchers found that sleep problems were associated with higher levels of loneliness, both in the short term and over time. These effects appeared to operate in part through increases in negative thinking and decreases in the ability to bounce back from stress.

The study was motivated by growing concerns about adolescent loneliness and mental health, particularly amid the widespread social disruptions caused by the COVID-19 pandemic. Loneliness is not simply about being alone; it reflects a perceived gap between the social connections a person has and the ones they desire. A teenager can be surrounded by people and still feel lonely if they lack meaningful emotional bonds.

During adolescence, loneliness has been linked to problems with emotion regulation, memory, and social functioning. While previous research has explored how personality traits and social environments contribute to loneliness, fewer studies have investigated physiological influences like sleep—despite its key role in brain development, emotional processing, and attention.

The researchers also aimed to understand how sleep problems might shape feelings of loneliness. They focused on two psychological mechanisms that could help explain this link. The first was rumination, the tendency to dwell on distressing thoughts and emotions. The second was resilience, or the ability to recover from setbacks and adapt to stress. The team proposed that sleep problems might increase rumination, which could lower resilience and, in turn, make adolescents more vulnerable to feeling lonely.

To explore these ideas, the researchers conducted three studies. The first was a large cross-sectional survey involving 883 adolescents aged 13 to 17 from two schools in Wuhan, China. The participants completed established self-report questionnaires measuring sleep quality, rumination, resilience, and loneliness. The team used statistical modeling to test whether rumination and resilience helped explain the link between sleep problems and loneliness.

They found that teens who reported more sleep problems also reported higher levels of rumination and loneliness. Rumination was strongly linked to greater loneliness, while resilience was linked to lower loneliness. In addition, rumination was associated with lower resilience, suggesting that excessive negative thinking may weaken a teen’s ability to cope with stress. Statistical analysis showed that sleep problems were indirectly related to loneliness through both rumination and resilience. This means that adolescents with sleep problems may be more likely to ruminate, which can erode their resilience and make them feel lonelier.

To examine whether these relationships changed over time, the researchers conducted a second study using a long-term longitudinal design. This study followed 94 adolescents over 18 months, with data collected at two time points. Again, the same measures of sleep, rumination, resilience, and loneliness were used. The researchers built a cross-lagged model, which allows them to examine how changes in one variable predict changes in another over time, while accounting for earlier levels of each variable.

The results of this study showed that sleep problems at the beginning of the study predicted greater loneliness 18 months later. Rumination and resilience also predicted later loneliness, with higher rumination and lower resilience linked to more loneliness at the second time point. However, the full sequence — from sleep problems to rumination to resilience to loneliness — was not statistically significant over the longer time period. Still, the findings suggested that sleep problems and psychological traits like rumination and resilience can have lasting associations with social well-being.

To complement the long-term findings, the researchers conducted a third study with a short-term longitudinal design. This study followed 242 adolescents aged 12 to 18 over a seven-week period. The surveys were completed online and included the same measures as before. The researchers again used cross-lagged modeling to see how sleep problems and psychological traits related to changes in loneliness over time.

This shorter study found that sleep problems at the first time point predicted higher loneliness at the second time point. Rumination and low resilience were also predictive of increased loneliness, and the full mediation model — where sleep problems led to more rumination, which reduced resilience, which in turn predicted more loneliness — was supported. These results provided more evidence that sleep problems may play a role in shaping the psychological pathways that contribute to loneliness, particularly over shorter time spans.

The authors interpret their findings as support for a sequential process, where sleep problems might increase vulnerability to loneliness by disrupting emotional processing and stress management. Poor sleep may lead to more negative thinking and less capacity to cope with adversity, both of which may contribute to feeling more socially disconnected. They emphasize that adolescence is a period of heightened emotional sensitivity and social development, making sleep and mental resilience especially important.

Despite the consistency of the results, the study has some limitations. Although the findings point to possible temporal relationships between sleep and loneliness, they do not establish causality. Intervention studies would be needed to determine whether improving sleep can reduce loneliness. The study also focused on adolescents in China, so it is unclear whether the same relationships would hold in other cultural contexts. Finally, the data were collected during or following the pandemic, when social isolation was unusually high, which may have amplified the observed effects.

The study, “Exploring the association between sleep problems and loneliness in adolescents: Potential mediating effects of rumination and resilience,” was authored by Ting Shen, Lisha Wan, Shuting Lin, Yuxiao Liu, Hanshu Zhang, Gengfeng Niu, and Xin Hao.