The national and provincial prevalence and non-fatal burdens of diabetes in China from 2005 to 2023 with projections of prevalence to 2050 | Military Medical Research
Magliano DJ, Boyko EJ. IDF Diabetes Atlas 10th edition scientific committee. IDF Diabetes Atlas. 10th ed. Brussels: International Diabetes Federation; 2021.
Ong KL, Stafford LK, McLaughlin SA, Boyko EJ, Vollset SE, Smith AE, et al. Global, regional, and national burden of diabetes from 1990 to 2021, with projections of prevalence to 2050: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021. Lancet. 2023;402(10397):203–34.
Google Scholar
Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation. GBD Results. Accessed 1 Jul 2024.
Pan X, Wang L, Pan A. Epidemiology and determinants of obesity in China. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2021;9(6):373–92.
Google Scholar
Wang L, Zhou B, Zhao Z, Yang L, Zhang M, Jiang Y, et al. Body-mass index and obesity in urban and rural China: findings from consecutive nationally representative surveys during 2004–18. Lancet. 2021;398(10294):53–63.
Google Scholar
Wang Y, Zhao L, Gao L, Pan A, Xue H. Health policy and public health implications of obesity in China. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2021;9(7):446–61.
Google Scholar
Zhou M, Astell-Burt T, Bi Y, Feng X, Jiang Y, Li Y, et al. Geographical variation in diabetes prevalence and setection in China: multilevel spatial analysis of 98,058 adults. Diabetes Care. 2015;38(1):72–81.
Google Scholar
Li Y, Teng D, Shi X, Qin G, Qin Y, Quan H, et al. Prevalence of diabetes recorded in mainland China using 2018 diagnostic criteria from the American Diabetes Association: national cross sectional study. BMJ. 2020;369:m997.
Google Scholar
Hu D, Fu P, Xie J, Chen CS, Yu D, Whelton PK, et al. Increasing prevalence and low awareness, treatment and control of diabetes mellitus among Chinese adults: the InterASIA study. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2008;81(2):250–7.
Google Scholar
Wang W. Interpretation of the diabetes prevention and control action of the Healthy China Initiative 2019–2030. China CDC Wkly. 2020;2(9):143–5.
Google Scholar
Tomic D, Shaw JE, Magliano DJ. The burden and risks of emerging complications of diabetes mellitus. Nat Rev Endocrinol. 2022;18(9):525–39.
Google Scholar
Brauer M, Roth GA, Aravkin AY, Zheng P, Abate KH, Abate YH, et al. Global burden and strength of evidence for 88 risk factors in 204 countries and 811 subnational locations, 1990–2021: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021. Lancet. 2024;403(10440):2162–203.
Google Scholar
Liu J, Liu M, Chai Z, Li C, Wang Y, Shen M, et al. Projected rapid growth in diabetes disease burden and economic burden in China: a spatio-temporal study from 2020 to 2030. Lancet Reg Health West Pac. 2023;33:100700.
Google Scholar
Wang L, Peng W, Zhao Z, Zhang M, Shi Z, Song Z, et al. Prevalence and treatment of diabetes in China, 2013–2018. JAMA. 2021;326(24):2498–506.
Google Scholar
Xu Y, Lu J, Li M, Wang T, Wang K, Cao Q, et al. Diabetes in China part 1: epidemiology and risk factors. Lancet Public Health. 2024;9(12):e1089–97.
Google Scholar
Salomon JA, Vos T, Hogan DR, Gagnon M, Naghavi M, Mokdad A, et al. Common values in assessing health outcomes from disease and injury: disability weights measurement study for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010. Lancet. 2012;380(9859):2129–43.
Google Scholar
Liu X, Wang F, Zhou M, Yu Y, Qi J, Yin P, et al. Eliciting national and subnational sets of disability weights in mainland China: findings from the Chinese disability weight measurement study. Lancet Reg Health West Pac. 2022;26:100520.
Google Scholar
Zhang M, Wang L, Wu J, Huang Z, Zhao Z, Zhang X, et al. Data resource profile: China Chronic Disease and Risk Factor Surveillance (CCDRFS). Int J Epidemiol. 2022;51(2):e1-8.
Google Scholar
National Bureau of Statistics of China. Accessed 2 Jul 2024.
Smits J, Permanyer I. The subnational human development database. Sci Data. 2019;6:190038.
Google Scholar
Alberti KG, Zimmet PZ. Definition, diagnosis and classification of diabetes mellitus and its complications. Part 1: diagnosis and classification of diabetes mellitus provisional report of a WHO consultation. Diabet Med J Br Diabet Assoc. 1998;15(7):539–53.
GBD 2021 Diseases and Injuries Collaborators. Global incidence, prevalence, years lived with disability (YLDs), disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs), and healthy life expectancy (HALE) for 371 diseases and injuries in 204 countries and territories and 811 subnational locations, 1990–2021: a systematic analysis for the global burden of disease study 2021. Lancet. 2024;403(10440):2133–61.
Chinese Diabetes Society (CDS) Diabetic Chronic Complications Study Group. Chronic diabetic complications and related macro-vascular diseases of in-patients with diabetes in mainland of China—a national retrospective analysis in recent 10 years. Chin J Diabetes. 2003;4:5–10.
Li X, Cao X, Guo M, Xie M, Liu X. Trends and risk factors of mortality and disability adjusted life years for chronic respiratory diseases from 1990 to 2017: systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017. BMJ. 2020. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.m3150.
Google Scholar
Li Y, Zeng X, Liu J, Liu Y, Liu S, Yin P, et al. Can China achieve a one-third reduction in premature mortality from non-communicable diseases by 2030?. BMC Med. 2017;15(1):132.
Google Scholar
World Health Assembly 66. Draft comprehensive global monitoring framework and targets for the prevention and control of noncommunicable diseases: formal meeting of the member states to conclude the work on the comprehensive global monitoring framework, including indicators, and a set of voluntary global targets for the prevention and control of noncommunicable diseases: report by the director-general. World Health Organization. 2013; https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/105633
GBD 2021 Causes of Death Collaborators. Global burden of 288 causes of death and life expectancy decomposition in 204 countries and territories and 811 subnational locations, 1990–2021: a systematic analysis for the global burden of disease study 2021. Lancet. 2024;403(10440):2100–32.
Google Scholar
Salomon JA, Haagsma JA, Davis A, de Noordhout CM, Polinder S, Havelaar AH, et al. Disability weights for the Global Burden of Disease 2013 study. Lancet Glob Health. 2015;3(11):e712–23.
Google Scholar
Manion M. Survey research in the study of contemporary China: learning from local samples. China Q. 1994;139:741–65.
Google Scholar
Zhou B, Rayner AW, Gregg EW, Sheffer KE, Carrillo-Larco RM, Bennett JE, et al. Worldwide trends in diabetes prevalence and treatment from 1990 to 2022: a pooled analysis of 1108 population-representative studies with 141 million participants. Lancet. 2024;404(10467):2077–93.
Google Scholar
Afshin A, Sur PJ, Fay KA, Cornaby L, Ferrara G, Salama JS, et al. Health effects of dietary risks in 195 countries, 1990–2017: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017. Lancet. 2019;393(10184):1958–72.
Google Scholar
NCD Risk Factor Collaboration (NCD-RisC). Worldwide trends in underweight and obesity from 1990 to 2022: a pooled analysis of 3663 population-representative studies with 222 million children, adolescents, and adults. Lancet. 2024;403(10431):1027–50.
Google Scholar
Zeng W, Jin Q, Wang X. Reassessing the effects of dietary fat on cardiovascular disease in China: a review of the last three decades. Nutrients. 2023;15(19):4214.
Google Scholar
Hu C, Jia W. Diabetes in China: epidemiology and genetic risk factors and their clinical utility in personalized medication. Diabetes. 2018;67(1):3–11.
Google Scholar
Zhai FY, Du SF, Wang ZH, Zhang JG, Du WW, Popkin BM. Dynamics of the Chinese diet and the role of urbanicity, 1991–2011. Obes Rev. 2014;15(S1):16–26.
Google Scholar
Huang L, Wang Z, Wang H, Zhao L, Jiang H, Zhang B, et al. Nutrition transition and related health challenges over decades in China. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2021;75(2):247–52.
Google Scholar
Zhou Y, Du S, Su C, Zhang B, Wang H, Popkin BM. The food retail revolution in China and its association with diet and health. Food Policy. 2015;55:92–100.
Google Scholar
Zhang M, Ma Y, Xie X, Sun M, Huang Z, Zhao Z, et al. Trends in insufficient physical activity among adults in China 2010–18: a population-based study. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act. 2023;20(1):87.
Google Scholar
Li Y, Wang DD, Ley SH, Vasanti M, Howard AG, He Y, et al. Time trends of dietary and lifestyle factors and their potential impact on diabetes burden in China. Diabetes Care. 2017;40(12):1685–94.
Google Scholar
Wei Y, Hägg S, Mak JKL, Tuomi T, Zhan Y, Carlsson S. Metabolic profiling of smoking, associations with type 2 diabetes and interaction with genetic susceptibility. Eur J Epidemiol. 2024;39(6):667–78.
Google Scholar
Wang Y, Liang X, Zhou Z, Hou Z, Yang J, Gao Y, et al. Prevalence and numbers of diabetes patients with elevated BMI in China: evidence from a nationally representative cross-sectional study. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2022;19(5):2989.
Google Scholar
Liu X, Qin G, Li X, Zhang J, Zhao K, Hu M, et al. Excess mortality associated with influenza after the 2009 H1N1 pandemic in a subtropical city in China, 2010–2015. Int J Infect Dis. 2017;57:54–60.
Google Scholar
Xi X, Xu Y, Jiang L, Li A, Duan J, Du B, et al. Hospitalized adult patients with 2009 influenza A (H1N1) in Beijing, China: risk factors for hospital mortality. BMC Infect Dis. 2010;10:256.
Google Scholar
Zhao R, Zhao L, Gao X, Yang F, Yang Y, Fang H, et al. Geographic variations in dietary patterns and their associations with overweight/obesity and hypertension in China: findings from China Nutrition and Health Surveillance (2015–2017). Nutrients. 2022;14(19):3949.
Google Scholar
Chen K, Shen Z, Gu W, Lyu Z, Qi X, Mu Y, et al. Prevalence of obesity and associated complications in China: a cross-sectional, real-world study in 15.8 million adults. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2023;25(11):3390–9.
Google Scholar
Tu W, Sun H, Yan F, Fan Y, Yi Z, Li J, et al. China trends in physical inactivity from 2013 to 2019: an analysis of 4.23 million participants. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2024;56(3):528.
Google Scholar
Xue H, Cheng X, Zhang Q, Wang H, Zhang B, Qu W, et al. Temporal growth and spatial distribution of the fast food industry and its relationship with economic development in China—2005–2012. Prev Med. 2017;102:79–85.
Google Scholar
Issaka A, Stevenson C, Paradies Y, Houehanou YCN, Bosu WK, Kiwallo JB, et al. Association between urban-rural location and prevalence of type 2 diabetes and impaired fasting glucose in West Africa: a cross-sectional population-based epidemiological study. BMJ Open. 2023;13(9):e063318.
Google Scholar
Zhu H, Ding G, Liu X, Huang H. Developmental origins of diabetes mellitus: Environmental epigenomics and emerging patterns. J Diabetes. 2023;15(7):569.
Google Scholar
Wang B, Cheng J, Wan H, Wang Y, Zhang W, Chen Y, et al. Early-life exposure to the Chinese famine, genetic susceptibility and the risk of type 2 diabetes in adulthood. Diabetologia. 2021;64(8):1766–74.
Google Scholar
Sørensen TIA, Metz S, Kilpeläinen TO. Do gene-environment interactions have implications for the precision prevention of type 2 diabetes? Diabetologia. 2022;65(11):1804–13.
Google Scholar
Wang Q, Zhang X, Fang L, Guan Q, Guan L, Li Q. Prevalence, awareness, treatment and control of diabetes mellitus among middle-aged and elderly people in a rural Chinese population: a cross-sectional study. PLoS One. 2018;13(6):e0198343.
Google Scholar
Reitsma MB, Kendrick PJ, Ababneh E, Abbafati C, Abbasi-Kangevari M, Abdoli A, et al. Spatial, temporal, and demographic patterns in prevalence of smoking tobacco use and attributable disease burden in 204 countries and territories, 1990–2019: a systematic analysis from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019. Lancet. 2021;397(10292):2337–60.
Google Scholar
Duncan A, Heyer MP, Ishikawa M, Caligiuri SPB, Liu X, Chen Z, et al. Habenular TCF7L2 links nicotine addiction to diabetes. Nature. 2019;574(7778):372–7.
Google Scholar
Kautzky-Willer A, Leutner M, Harreiter J. Sex differences in type 2 diabetes. Diabetologia. 2023;66(6):986–1002.
Google Scholar
You H, Hu J, Liu Y, Luo B, Lei A. Risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus after gestational diabetes mellitus: a systematic review & meta-analysis. Indian J Med Res. 2021;154(1):62–77.
Google Scholar
Gao C, Sun X, Lu L, Liu F, Yuan J. Prevalence of gestational diabetes mellitus in mainland China: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Diabetes Investig. 2019;10(1):154–62.
Google Scholar
Juan J, Yang H. Prevalence, prevention, and lifestyle intervention of gestational diabetes mellitus in China. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020;17(24):9517.
Google Scholar
Zhao J, Yu Q, Yang XM, Li X. The correlation between the prevalence of gestational diabetes mellitus and maternal age in Southern China. J Lab Med. 2022;46(1):33–7.
Google Scholar
Fertility and Forecasting Collaborators. Global fertility in 204 countries and territories, 1950–2021, with forecasts to 2100: a comprehensive demographic analysis for the global burden of disease study 2021. Lancet. 2024;403(10440):2057–99.
Google Scholar
Shan D, Qiu PY, Wu YX, Chen Q, Li AL, Ramadoss S, et al. Pregnancy outcomes in women of advanced maternal age: a retrospective cohort study from China. Sci Rep. 2018;8(1):12239.
Google Scholar
Yan J, Yang H. Gestational diabetes in China: challenges and coping strategies. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2014;2(12):930–1.
Google Scholar
Deng W, Zhao L, Chen C, Ren Z, Jing Y, Qiu J, et al. National burden and risk factors of diabetes mellitus in China from 1990 to 2021: results from the Global Burden of Disease study 2021. J Diabetes. 2024;16(10):e70012.
Google Scholar
Huang M, Zhao R, Li S, Jiang X. Self-management behavior in patients with type 2 diabetes: a cross-sectional survey in western urban China. PLoS One. 2014;9(4):e95138.
Google Scholar
Ma X, Fan W, Zhang X, Zhang S, Feng X, Song S, et al. The urban-rural disparities and factors associated with the utilization of public health services among diabetes patients in China. BMC Public Health. 2023;23(1):2290.
Google Scholar
Wang J, Wu W, Dong G, Huang K, Fu J. Pediatric diabetes in China: challenges and actions. Pediatr Diabetes. 2022;23(5):545–50.
Google Scholar
GBD 2021 Demographics Collaborators (2024) Global age-sex-specific mortality, life expectancy, and population estimates in 204 countries and territories and 811 subnational locations, 1950–2021, and the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic: a comprehensive demographic analysis for the global burden of disease study 2021. Lancet 403(10440):1989–2056
Vollset SE, Ababneh HS, Abate YH, Abbafati C, Abbasgholizadeh R, Abbasian M, et al. Burden of disease scenarios for 204 countries and territories, 2022–2050: a forecasting analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021. Lancet. 2024;403(10440):2204–56.
Google Scholar
Huijun W, Fengying Z. Program and policy options for preventing obesity in China. Obes Rev. 2013;14(02):134–40.
Google Scholar
Peng W, Zhang J, Zhou H, Zhang A, Wang Y, Tian X, et al. Obesity intervention efforts in China and the 2022 World Obesity Day. Glob Health J. 2022;6(3):118–21.
Google Scholar
Levy RB, Barata MF, Leite MA, Andrade GC. How and why ultra-processed foods harm human health. Proc Nutr Soc. 2024;83(1):1–8.
Google Scholar
Bell AC, Ge K, Popkin BM. The road to obesity or the path to prevention: motorized transportation and obesity in China. Obes Res. 2002;10(4):277–83.
Google Scholar
World Bank Blogs. From one billion cars to one billion bicycles. Accessed 4 Jul 2024
Deschenes O, Wang H, Wang S, Zhang P. The effect of air pollution on body weight and obesity: evidence from China. J Dev Econ. 2020;145:102461.
Google Scholar
Liu M, Tang W, Zhang Y, Wang Y, Kangzhuo B, Li Y, et al. Urban-rural differences in the association between long-term exposure to ambient air pollution and obesity in China. Environ Res. 2021;201:111597.
Google Scholar
Swinburn BA, Kraak VI, Allender S, Atkins VJ, Baker PI, Bogard JR, et al. The global syndemic of obesity, undernutrition, and climate change: the Lancet Commission report. Lancet. 2019;393(10173):791–846.
Google Scholar
Li Y, Guo C, Cao Y. Secular incidence trends and effect of population aging on mortality due to type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus in China from 1990 to 2019: findings from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019. BMJ Open Diabetes Res Care. 2021;9(2):e002529.
Google Scholar
Weng J, Zhou Z, Guo L, Zhu D, Ji L, Luo X, et al. Incidence of type 1 diabetes in China, 2010–13: population based study. BMJ. 2018;360:j5295.
Google Scholar
Zhang P, Lu J, Jing Y, Tang S, Zhu D, Bi Y. Global epidemiology of diabetic foot ulceration: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Ann Med. 2017;49(2):106–16.
Google Scholar
Chinese Diabetes Society. Guideline for the prevention and treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus in China (2020 edition). Chin J Diabetes. 2021;13(04):315–409.
Chi X, Yu D, Ju L, Zhang J, Zhao L. Prevalence of diabetes and change among 7 to 17 years old children and adolescents in China in 2002–2012. Wei Sheng Yan Jiu. 2018;47(5):705–15. Chinese.
Google Scholar
link
